![]() To improve primary and secondary prevention methods in cardiovascular medicine, physical activity should be promoted as a first-line strategy despite new drug developments in the medical treatment field.Īlthough the value of exercise for improving health is well recognized world-wide, widespread adoption of exercise habits has not been adequately achieved, especially in highly developed countries where the use of automobiles is highly prevalent. General practitioners and cardiologists should pay more attention to exercise and physical activity rather than to the prescription of drugs.ĮXERCISE IS MEDICINE Ⓡ (EIM) ENCOURAGES PEOPLE TO FORM EXERCISE HABITS In this comprehensive review, many protocols of HIIT and SIT for improving aerobic and metabolic capacity were evaluated for their effects in patients with sedentary lifestyle-related diseases with or without cardiac disease to determine appropriate protocol recommendations for different patient populations. HIIT and sprint interval training (SIT) for 6-8 wk increase VO 2peak more than or at least comparable to MCT. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been recognized as an alternative and more efficient protocol than moderate-intensity continuous training (MCT), which is the gold standard recommended in several guidelines. Thus, some useful techniques and limitations exist when encouraging exercise training with adequate safety and high adherence in these people. In contrast, people with lifestyle-related disease and/or elderly people are often sedentary and physically unfit. Healthy young and middle-aged people can select from the many choices of exercise training methods, including recreational sports, in daily life. For improvement in public health, performing regular physical exercise is indispensable together with a nutritional approach. Thus, it has become a major goal in the medical field to improve VO 2peak in patients with lifestyle-related diseases with (as a secondary prevention strategy) or without (as a primary prevention strategy) cardiac disorders. Moreover, several studies have suggested that people with established coronary vascular disease (CVD) risk factors (such as high body mass index, hypertension, or diabetes) and high cardiorespiratory fitness have a highly attenuated risk of CVD and premature mortality. Understanding the HIIT protocols and adopting the correct type for each subject would lead to better improvements in VO 2peak with higher adherence and less risk.Īccumulated evidence suggests that aerobic capacity (VO 2peak) is the strongest predictor of future health, all-cause mortality, and cardiovascular risks. This review describes the classifications of aerobic HIIT and SIT, and their differences in terms of effects, target subjects, adaptability, working mechanisms, and safety. Given the availability of the numerous HIIT protocols, which can be classified into aerobic HIIT and anaerobic HIIT, professionals in health-related fields, including primary physicians and cardiologists, may find it confusing when trying to select an appropriate protocol for their patients. For general health and primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been recognized as an efficient exercise protocol with short exercise sessions. Although exercise training is the best method to improve VO 2peak, the guidelines of most academic societies recommend 150 or 75 min of moderate- or vigorous- intensity physical activities, respectively, every week to gain health benefits. This is true even for people with various coronary risk factors and cardiovascular diseases. Aerobic capacity, which is expressed as peak oxygen consumption (VO 2peak), is well-known to be an independent predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular prognosis. ![]()
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